Rosetta Stone Lesson Summaries Spanish(PINNED)

Because I sometimes want to go back and review, and can't recall which lesson the information is in!

Rosetta Stone Lesson Summaries Japanese (PINNED)

Old version of Japanese Rosetta Stone

Spanish - dishes, office supplies, verbs, nouns, grammar

vocabulary from Rosetta stone, first version and version 4
Latin American Spanish

Dishes:
el vaso - cup
el tazo - cup
el tazón - bowl
el plato- plate


Office supplies-
la pluma - pen
el bolígrafo -pen (version 4)
el papel - paper


verbs-
tener - to have
sostener - to hold (usage of con with sostener - sostiene el telefono CON su mano izquierda)


Adjectives - 
redondo - round
cuadrado- square (adj)
rectangular - rectanular
algo - something
Ambas mujeres - some women
ninguna mujer - no women


Use of a pronoun?
- una esta senalando con su mano derecha y la otra esta con su mano izquierda.

Nouns - 
el micrófono - microphone
la cantante and el cantante - singer
la guitarra- guitar (grammar) tiene una guitarra en la mano izquierda y una en la mano derecha - note the pattern here of una
gire - turn
no estacione - no parking
no gire a la izquierda/a la derecha - no left turn, no right turn
no gire en U - no U turn
el reloj - watch
la ventana - window
la casa - house
señal - sign
la vaca - cow
el canguro - kangaroo


words to be confirmed-
Aviso - caution?
venado - deer?


Grammar -
- Está señalando CON su mano derecha. - pointing with the right hand.
- shapes grammar- no es X, Y, ni Z
use 'es' with shapes like round or square.

Heat, cold, and seasons 1-5-6

Rosetta Stone
1-5-6

New Vocab:
fire - el fuego
snow - la nieve
ice - el hielo
sun - el sol
candle - una vela
flower - flor
purple - violeta
to cover (?) - cubrir (ex. La nieve cubre las montañas.)
quemar - to burn (ex. El fuego está quemando la vela.)
smoke - el humo
match - el fósforo
flame? - una llama
echar - to emit or give off? (ex. El fuego está echando el humo blanco)
To have/make (a flame) - hacer (una llama)
summer - el verano
winter - el invierno
scarf - la bufanda
people or crowd? - la gente
ice cream - el helado
drink - una bebida
to shine (down/over) - brillar (sobre)
ground - el suelo


Grammar:
--When discussing temperature, something that is always a temperature seems to use the verb 'ser.'
Ex: El sol es caliente. La nieve es fría.

--When discussing temperature, something that is a certain temperature now, but not necessarily always, seems to use the verb 'estar.' Either that, or it's solely when discussing food temperature. Check as this comes up later.
Ex. El pan está caliente.

--To be 'behind the clouds' is the same as in english- behind.  ex. El sol está detrás de las nubes.

-- When discussing temperature in terms of weather, use Hacer.
ex. Hace calor en el verano. Hace frío en el invierno.

-- When discussing heat in terms of weather, use calor, not caliente.

--In the sun or under the sun? = 'al sol.'
ex. Estas personas están sentadas al sol.

-- When discussing a person being hot or cold, use 'tener.' Also use calor, not caliente, possibly?
ex. Él tiene calor. Él tiene frío.

--To shine down on something, or over something, use sobre.
ex. El sol brilla sobre el suelo.


Unknown:
burner? - el lumbre.  Looks like a small stove top burner.


How did it go?
This one is taking longer to stick for some reason.

Was anything tricky or difficult?
I have a hard time remembering candle (vela), smoke (humo) and flame (llama), for some reason. And remember when to use caliente vs. calor. Going to take some practice to do this.

What would make it better next time?
I think practicing it in different contexts, maybe do more of the speaking, as that tends to make me think more.

Rosetta Stone Japanese

Level 1- Unit 1 - lesson1 (1-1-1)

Notes to help me remember what I THINK I've learned.
Reminder: as this is Rosetta Stone, some of this may turn out to be wrong. It's more to help go over what's on the lesson than to preserve completely for future reference. Making words larger to help read the kanji characters

New words:
airplane - 飛行機
ball - ボール
boat - ボート
boy - 男の子
car - 車
elephant - 象
girl - 女の子
inside - 中
man -　男の人
on top of/above -　上

ride - 乗って

table -　テーブル
under/underneath - 下
woman -　女の人

Grammar notes:
--Above, inside, and underneath have  に    afterward. Denotes what they are, I think.

-- の  is after noun before the placement is given. Ex. 男の子の上にあるボール
I believe the translation would be something like 'the ball that's on top of a boy.' Only it's The boy (subject of this section) on top of (with regards to what is going on with the boy) that's (used for objects, I think) ball.

--I noticed that when it's a person and not an object, it's いる, not ある.

Grammar notes for Unit 5, lesson 5 Spanish

1-5-5
Rosetta Stone

New Vocab:
pasear - to walk, as in to walk a dog
empujar - to push?
jalar - to pull?
arreglar? - to fix or work on, like work on a bicycle? arregla la bicicleta.
la medicina - medicine
glass of water - vaso de agua
alguien - someone
algo - something

Grammar:
andar en la bicicleta - ride a bik

is giving something to someone else
 X le está dando (sometimes el or la) Y a el/la Z
ex. El hombre le está dando la guitarra a la niña.
OR
X le está dando a Z Y
ex. Alguien le está dando al hombre un plato de comida

is getting something from someone else
X está recibiendo (sometimes el or la) Y de el/la Z
ex. El niño está recibiendo la guitarra de la mujer.


Unknown:
1. El hombre está cargando al niño.
carry, maybe - walking with boy on his shoulders in the picture.

2. La niña está agarrando un plato
she;s picking up an empty plate from a stack of plates on a table. Getting herself a plate? Fixing a plate - is it related to arreglando?  Arranging the plates?  Checking on this. Google translate says grab, gripping, getting a hold of

3. past tense of dar?
El hombre le dio un vaso de leche a la mujer
for when he's already given it to her.


How did it go?
Pretty well. I remembered much of this the first time around, I liked it well enough.

Was anything tricky or difficult?
Arreglar vs. agarrar kept tripping me up
Arreglar - to fix  agarrar - to grab

remembering the reflexive 'le' before the verb 'dar.'

What can help?
Agarrar - My mnemonic: a caveman, Garr,  coming into a house and pointing to every object he finds. Every time he sees one he goes 'Ah! Garr's!'  and grabs it.

Arreglar - The group of men are sitting around trying to fix this weird, crazy bicycle in rainbow colors and pinwheels and such. And every time they try something and it fails, they are glaring at the thing like that will fix it instead.

Ships and boats

Rosetta Stone
Level 1, Unit 2, Lesson 3
Words for boats

un barco - a ship, boat, or barge. Usually larger.

una barca - a small boat, dinghy

un bote - a small boat, like a rowboat or dinghy. Often used for something smaller than 'una barca.'

un buque - a ship but with a particular role, like un buque de guerra (warship) or un buque de carga (cargo ship)

'un baque' is totally unrelated but I thought you'd like to know it. It means 'the blow which a body gives when falling.' Or a bang or thump, in other words.

Tools

Rosetta Stone
Level 1, Unit 2, lesson 3
Tools

el herramienta - tool

More tools:

sierra(f) - saw (usually a hand saw)

martillo(m) - hammer

clavo(m) - nail, as in 'to hammer.' Uña is a nail as in a fingernail (uña del dedo)  or toenail (uña del pie).

llave(f) - wrench (only for the tool)

la pala(f) - shovel

el rastrillo (m) - rake

Fish and other meats

Rosetta Stone notes
1-2-3
Animals and meats

un pez - a fish, such as one swimming in the water. Un pez está nadando. A fish is swimming.

un pescado - fish, as in food that you eat. Un pescado en tu plato. (A fish on your plate) Although I'm still checking to make sure that 'un pescado' is correct. Seems to be.

Other meats:
vaca(f), toro(m) - cow, bull
carne de res, carne de vaca - beef
hamburguesa(f) - hamburger

gallina(f), gallo(m)(more in the USA) - chicken, rooster
pollo(m) - chicken meat, chicken that you are eating

cerdo (m) - pig
carne(m) de cerdo or chancho(m) -pork
chuleta - porkchop

cordero (m) - lamb
chuleta(f) de cordero - lambchop

guajolote or jolote (m) (used in Mexico), pavo (m) - turkey, turkey (used more in Spain)
pavo (m) - turkey meat

salchicha (f) - sausage
Chorizo (m) - cured sausage

Question words

Rosetta Stone
1-1-10
Question words

¿Quíen? - Who? When asking a question ex. ¿Quíen está bebiendo?
¿Qué? - What? When asking a question
¿Qué llevan las mujeres? - What are the women wearing? The verb comes after the question word, then the noun.

¿Qué es este? - What is this? (close to speaker) estos = these. esta and estas are feminine
¿Qué es eso? - What is that? (far from speaker) esos = those. esa and esas are feminine
¿Qué es aquel? - What is that over there? (far away from both speaker and listener) aquellos = those. Aquella and aquellas = fem.

Also a neuter form for the demonstratives is used for discussing abstracts or an unknown objects
esto - this ¿Qué es esto? would be used when you have no idea what it is.
eso - that
aquello - that over there
Good site discussing this: http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/demonstratives.htm


¿Dónde? - Where? When asking a question
¿Dónde está...? Where is...? (singular) example ¿Dónde está el gato?
¿Dónde están...? Where is...? (plural) example ¿Dónde están los gatos?

¿De qué color...? - What color ...? ¿De qué color es este carro?

¿Cuál de...? - Which of ...? Like, which of these cars is blue? ¿Cuál de los carros es azul? Notice that the verb and adjective stay singular, even though 'carros' is plural.

¿Qué está haciendo ...'noun?' - What is 'noun' doing? ¿Qué está haciendo el niño? El niño está nadando.
Notice again, to ask a question: Question word (Qué) verb (está haciendo) and lastly, noun (el niño). Where in English, we say: What is the boy doing? So, it's question word (What) part of verb (is) noun (the boy) last part of verb (doing?).

sobre vs. encima de vs. en

Rosetta
1-1-10
prepositions that came up during question words


sobre - a preposition.  In this context, it means above or over. More vague

encima de - encima de is used as an adverb, means more like 'on top of.'

en - on

An example of how this can change meaning.

La mujer está sobre la mesa.
The woman is above the table. She could be on it, jumping over it, above it somehow else, like on a ladder or stepstool. Can be touching it or not.

La mujer está encima de la mesa.
The woman is on top of the table. Can be touching it...it seems less likely used if there is no physical contact, but I'm not certain.

La mujer está en la mesa.
The woman is on the table, but this can also mean 'in the table,' so this could need context to make sure the meaning was clear, it sounds like.

A great list of common prepositions and common meanings: http://spanish.about.com/od/prepositions/a/prepositions.htm

They are: a, antes de, bajo, cerca de, con, contra, de, delante de, dentro de, desde, después de, detrás de, durante, en, encima de, enfrente de, entre, fuera de, hacia, hasta, para, por, según, sin, sobre, and tras.

Spanish - clothing, camisa vs. camiseta and abrigo vs. chaqueta

Rosetta Stone
1-1-9
Clothing continued, with added material

Camiseta vs. camisa vs. blusa:

camiseta (f) - shirt, t-shirt, pullover shirt. This is for more casual shirts, typically without buttons, and can refer to clothing worn by a man or woman.

camisa (f) - shirt, dress shirt, button up shirt. This will often have buttons, more formal, often referring to clothing worn by a man.

blusa (f) - shirt, often with buttons, more formal or dressy, potentially. This is always referring to clothing worn by women.

Abrigo vs. chaqueta:

abrigo (m) - long, overcoat (abrigar - to keep warm)

chaqueta (f) - shorter jacket

chaqueta de lluvia (f) - rain jacket

Various other clothing:

el sombrero - hat

traje de baño - bathing suit

anteojos - glasses

el zapato - shoe

los calcetines - socks

el vestido - dress



Some references used:
A forum post about chaqueta and abrigo, mostly in spanish: http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=1768336

Pants, Pantalón vs. Pantalones

Rosetta Stone
1-1-9
Clothing with added material

Pantalón vs. pantalones

The girl wears pants is: La niña lleva pantalón. La niña lleva pantalones.

The girls wear pants is  Las niñas llevan pantalón. Las niñas llevan pantalones.

Both pantalón and pantalones seem to be correct and can be used interchangeably, according to some sources. However, more sources say that pantalones is more often used.

Although it looks like this may be one of those grammar issues for native spanish speakers too, considering there are spanish articles on this:

http://blog.lengua-e.com/2008/pantalon-o-pantalones/

I am marking the above site here until I can translate it all and figure out what the right answer is. :-)

Also of note:

Whether it's a singular or plural set of people wearing pants, both the singular and plural of pants seems to be okay to use.  Ex: Las mujeres llevan pantalón.

I have also seen 'pantalón' and 'pantalones' both with and without an article (el, los, un, or unos), following llevar. I am unsure if this is preference or if there is a rule I do not yet know.

Other bottoms:
calzones - shorts (Latin America and Mexico)
pantalones cortos (m) - shorts, a pair of shorts
calzoncillos  - underpants
vaqueros(m) - denim trousers/jeans
jeans (m) - jeans (Mexican slang). This seems to be used with a plural article for a singular pair of jeans.
jeans ceñidos or vaquero ajustado - skinny jeans
falda (f) - skirt

Spanish - colors

Rosetta Stone
1-1-3
Colors with added material

Colors:
colors are adjectives, so match in gender and number and come after the nouns in spanish
*oscuro - dark (can also use with colors, like azul oscuro = dark blue)
*claro - light (can also use with colors, like azul claro = light blue)
*NOTE: some sources from Mexico are using different terms for light and dark WITH THE COLOR BLUE:
azul marino - navy blue
azul cielo - I think 'sky blue' is the best translation of this, perhaps

rosado(a) - pink
rojo(a) - red
blanco(a) - white
negro(a) - black
marrón - brown (also castaño, moreno, or pardo, depending on the shade)
gris - gray
morado(a) - purple (or púpura)
verde - green
amarillo(a) - yellow
anaranjado(a) - orange
azul - blue
plateado(a) - silver
dorado(a) - gold(en)

Nouns can also be used as colors, like we use the term coffee. However, if they are, frequently they will still be treated as a noun and not change number or gender, although the longer they have been used in this capacity, the more they seem to shift to changing in number and gender like a normal adj. Different speakers may use them differently, as a result.

An example:
a coffee-colored shirt is una camisa de color café.

Also, with nouns used as color, the de color or color de may be left out, so you'd just have 'una camisa café.' This information, plus more on this, can be found at this site: http://spanish.about.com/od/adjectives/a/colors.htm

Some spanish nouns that are also used as colors:
beige, beis - beige (according to some, the 'beige' is pronounced close to 'beish.'
cereza - cherry colored
chocolate - chocolat colored
esmerelda - emerald
grana - dark red
humo- smoky
lila - lilac
malva - mauve
mostaza - mustard colored
naranja - orange
oro - gold
paja- straw colored
rosa - pink
turquesa - turqoise colored
violeta - violet

Spanish - alimento vs. comida

alimento vs. comida

alimento  - masculine noun
1. (n) nourishment, or 'edible objects.' Seems to be used more in a technical sense, like a word that a professional like a Dietician or scientist might use when discussing something that people or animals eat, or when discussing food in terms of nutrition.
2. (n) encouragement or incentive
3. (n, plural) allowance given by an heir to relatives; a pension, an alimony

Some example uses:
de mucho alimento - nourishing
alimentos integrales - whole foods
alimentos naturales - health foods
de poco alimento - of little nutritional value
alimentos grasos - fatty foods
alimentos rico en fibra - fiber-rich foods
alimentos rico en proteínas - protein-rich foods
alimentos fortificados - fortified foods


comida - feminine noun
1. (n)eating, food, cooked food - Seems to be used more in everyday language, like we're eating fast food tonight, I have some junk food, that sort of thing
2. (n)meal, dinner, or lunch (in Mexcian spanish)
3. (n) Possibly 'board,' as in room and board, but that may be specifically Spain and not Mexico and South America

Some example uses:
comida chatarra - junk food (Latin American spanish)
comida casera - home cooking
comida para perros - dog food
comida rápida - fast food
comida de Navidad - Christmas dinner
comida de trabajo - business lunch
bendecir la comida - to say grace



Related words to know:
grupo alimenticio - food group
The food groups in spanish: vegetales, frutas, granos (grains), proteína (protein), lácteos (dairy).
Bajas en azúcar - low in sugar


Much of the above examples and definitions came from www.spanishdict.com